Překonané poznatky.

The origination and the development of the human language remain shrouded with secret and unknowingness. Man is an emerged biologic species, who belongs in the category of mammals, to the order of primates and to the family of hominians. In order to explain the defect of the dissonance, it is necessary to present an evolutionary phylogenetic analysis, regarding the origin of human language. In terms of the disorder in question, the most important is the evolutionary development, when we existed as creatures with brains (393 cm3 approximately eleven million years), see the picture n. 1, and the evolutionary development of enlarging of the brain (494 up to 1400 cm3), see the picture n. 2-4 and 5. It is not important, what the stimulus was for man to single itself out of other creatures. We share common expression acts with our forerunners (instincts, shrieks of defence and of attack) as well as the acts of recollection (sounds produced to express joy, sadness, when producing sounds by voice etc.). The start of acts always comes from the alocortex. The creation provided with the primary brain uses the muscles of lips, cavities, ligaments etc. to the acts of expression, of recollection and to masseter and swallowing movements. There are various hypothesis regarding the enlarging brain parameters. The human being as the only one started to differ by beginning to use the communication act for his or her activity. He started to "command" the communication, thinking, consciousness etc. from the prefrontal parts of the cerebrum. This gave origin to all the various pallium regions and subregions (the optical, acoustic, speech and memory ones etc.). Ten million evolution years developed the secondary brain in human beings. Its integral part consisted also in the origin of the articulation and phonic system. Thus man can execute chewing and swallowing movements on one side and at the same time he can use the same musculature for the communication act - the human speech.

Pictures n. 1 and 2

Evolution (a gradual development) of the communication act

Approximately 500.000 generations evolutionary transmit the communication act. The complex speech consists of an amazing amount of items. It became necessary to encode some moments of the speech items in order to master all this amount of items. The evolution of the communication act can be imagined as a gradually pilled up construction. The speech disparallela cannot come into being within the single speech moments, for instance in case of a whisper, in case of the non grammatical phonation, in singing, in a soundless speech of mind etc. The speech disparallela existed since the very beginning of human speech. see picture n. 3

The gradual evolution of human speech lasted for about 10 million years. The speech of mind developed through gradual stages. The speech of mind represents a continuous communication flow in the pallium. In terms of the speech disparallela, the most important in the brain structure are the neurons, axons, dendrits and synapses. Everybody must learn the visual plasticity. The brain has been examined on many levels and by means of many methods. As far as the speech dissonance is concerened, the following levels belong among the most important:
5. level - single parts of neurons, the growth of axons
and dendrits has been examined etc.
6. level - nerve cells, the neurons conduct has been examined.
7. level - single brain areas, nerve cells layers have been examined.
In case of therapy all the effort must be concentrated on three levels. The focus of the speech dissonance is situated in the speech of mind. The speech of mind is the space, where we can manage to bring the defect under control. If the commands or impulses abandon the area of speech of mind, the further drift of the expression and symptoms becomes uncontrollable. If the impulses sent out of the speech of mind contain wrong instructions, its external execution shows mistakes, which can be heard and seen. The aim of therapy is to achieve correct instructions and correct signs. see picture n. 4

The human speech can be defined as a brain product (on the level of millesimals up to 50 millesimals of milimetres) with its manifestation on the body phonic and articulation systems, including the external audible and visible signs. The communication act (the speech always starts from the frontal hemispheric areas), see the yellow digits. This activity happens only in the dominant hemisphere (usually the left one). The speech centre is situated in Broc and Wernick area, including the secondary areas. According to the activity (if we want to read, to repeat, to think, to study in silence etc.) an amazing connection in the speech of mind takes place. If we decide to give a loud speech (audible and visible external signs), we must transfer the speech of mind (product) from the cortex speech centers to the body oral expression organs. See the start from the Broc motoric area (red) and the Wernick acoustic areas (blue). Up to this point all of this process is the result of an activity of the secondary brain - the brain organic structures, of the chemical process of neurotransmitters in synapses and of the variability of the brain waves (delta-beta). After the merging into the diencephalon and the medulla oblungata, the stimuluses move in the head nerves. Consecutively the stimuluses through the head nerves activate the phonic and articulation system. Attention - the system musn´t be at the same time engaged in an activity of the primary brain (chewing and swallowing)! The audible, possibly visible external unilateral signs create the interpersonal communication and in the opposite direction through the optical or acoustical receptors (feedback) reach back to the nerve centre in the hemisphere prefrontal areas.
see picture 5

The key role in case of right or wrong speech is played by the phonic system. Its expression by means of these body organs during the speech takes place under the form of a subconscious activity. The complex ligamentous musculature (vocal cords) was formed in the evolutionary process to protect the respiratory system. In the process of swallowing this musculature has its function in the somatic, unconditioned expression. In the act of communication it has just one role: to produce voice by means of expiration, by the movement towards the opening and the command to make the proper cillia an expiration vibrate behind the system in question.

a) The basic position of the proper and improper cillia. They aren´t supposed to develop another activity (cough, swallowing, protection against a penetration of a foreign body etc.), they get back in their basic position.

b) The position during the act of communication. An expiration flowing from the respiratory system, the vibrating of the proper cillia and the movement into the opening (it is impossible to make the proper cilia vibrate in the open position), the resonance effect (the expiration is retransformed into an expiration by voice) behind the proper cillia, the expiration accompanied by voice gets compressed, blocked, slowed down or accelerated by the musculature of articulation (lips, tongue, cavities etc.), an expiration accompanied by voice as an outer understandable, audible or visible sign.

c) The position of close. A classic condition in case of a speech disparallela. A person suffering from the dissparallela causes this position by the late vibration of proper cillia. The proper cillia have the only task - to vibrate, instead of a movement into the opening! The movement to the opening is the task of the improper cillia. The definition sounds this way: at the beginning of the speech the start of the expiration mustn´t be delayed and musn´t cause the vibration of the proper cillia against the movement of improper cillia to the opening.